# MIT Kerberos Documentation

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# Installing KDCs

When setting up Kerberos in a production environment, it is best to have multiple replica KDCs alongside with a primary KDC to ensure the continued availability of the Kerberized services. Each KDC contains a copy of the Kerberos database. The primary KDC contains the writable copy of the realm database, which it replicates to the replica KDCs at regular intervals. All database changes (such as password changes) are made on the primary KDC. Replica KDCs provide Kerberos ticket-granting services, but not database administration, when the primary KDC is unavailable. MIT recommends that you install all of your KDCs to be able to function as either the primary or one of the replicas. This will enable you to easily switch your primary KDC with one of the replicas if necessary (see Switching primary and replica KDCs). This installation procedure is based on that recommendation.

Warning

- The Kerberos system relies on the availability of correct time information. Ensure that the primary and all replica KDCs have properly synchronized clocks.
- It is best to install and run KDCs on secured and dedicated hardware with limited access. If your KDC is also a file server, FTP server, Web server, or even just a client machine, someone who obtained root access through a security hole in any of those areas could potentially gain access to the Kerberos database.

## Install and configure the primary KDC

Install Kerberos either from the OS-provided packages or from the source (See Building within a single tree).

Note

For the purpose of this document we will use the following names:

    kerberos.mit.edu    - primary KDC
    kerberos-1.mit.edu  - replica KDC
    ATHENA.MIT.EDU      - realm name
    .k5.ATHENA.MIT.EDU  - stash file
    admin/admin         - admin principal

See MIT Kerberos defaults for the default names and locations of the relevant to this topic files. Adjust the names and paths to your system environment.

## Edit KDC configuration files

Modify the configuration files, krb5.conf and kdc.conf, to reflect the correct information (such as domain-realm mappings and Kerberos servers names) for your realm. (See MIT Kerberos defaults for the recommended default locations for these files).

Most of the tags in the configuration have default values that will work well for most sites. There are some tags in the krb5.conf file whose values must be specified, and this section will explain those.

If the locations for these configuration files differs from the default ones, set KRB5_CONFIG and KRB5_KDC_PROFILE environment variables to point to the krb5.conf and kdc.conf respectively. For example:

    export KRB5_CONFIG=/yourdir/krb5.conf
    export KRB5_KDC_PROFILE=/yourdir/kdc.conf

### krb5.conf

If you are not using DNS TXT records (see Mapping hostnames onto Kerberos realms), you must specify the default_realm in the [libdefaults] section. If you are not using DNS URI or SRV records (see Hostnames for KDCs and KDC Discovery), you must include the kdc tag for each realm in the [realms] section. To communicate with the kadmin server in each realm, the admin_server tag must be set in the [realms] section.

An example krb5.conf file:

    [libdefaults]
        default_realm = ATHENA.MIT.EDU

    [realms]
        ATHENA.MIT.EDU = {
            kdc = kerberos.mit.edu
            kdc = kerberos-1.mit.edu
            admin_server = kerberos.mit.edu
        }

### kdc.conf

The kdc.conf file can be used to control the listening ports of the KDC and kadmind, as well as realm-specific defaults, the database type and location, and logging.

An example kdc.conf file:

    [kdcdefaults]
        kdc_listen = 88
        kdc_tcp_listen = 88

    [realms]
        ATHENA.MIT.EDU = {
            kadmind_port = 749
            max_life = 12h 0m 0s
            max_renewable_life = 7d 0h 0m 0s
            master_key_type = aes256-cts
            supported_enctypes = aes256-cts:normal aes128-cts:normal
            # If the default location does not suit your setup,
            # explicitly configure the following values:
            #    database_name = /var/krb5kdc/principal
            #    key_stash_file = /var/krb5kdc/.k5.ATHENA.MIT.EDU
            #    acl_file = /var/krb5kdc/kadm5.acl
        }

    [logging]
        # By default, the KDC and kadmind will log output using
        # syslog.  You can instead send log output to files like this:
        kdc = FILE:/var/log/krb5kdc.log
        admin_server = FILE:/var/log/kadmin.log
        default = FILE:/var/log/krb5lib.log

Replace `ATHENA.MIT.EDU` and `kerberos.mit.edu` with the name of your Kerberos realm and server respectively.

Note

You have to have write permission on the target directories (these directories must exist) used by database_name, key_stash_file, and acl_file.

## Create the KDC database

You will use the kdb5_util command on the primary KDC to create the Kerberos database and the optional stash file.

Note

If you choose not to install a stash file, the KDC will prompt you for the master key each time it starts up. This means that the KDC will not be able to start automatically, such as after a system reboot.

kdb5_util will prompt you for the master password for the Kerberos database. This password can be any string. A good password is one you can remember, but that no one else can guess. Examples of bad passwords are words that can be found in a dictionary, any common or popular name, especially a famous person (or cartoon character), your username in any form (e.g., forward, backward, repeated twice, etc.), and any of the sample passwords that appear in this manual. One example of a password which might be good if it did not appear in this manual is “MITiys4K5!”, which represents the sentence “MIT is your source for Kerberos 5!” (It’s the first letter of each word, substituting the numeral “4” for the word “for”, and includes the punctuation mark at the end.)

The following is an example of how to create a Kerberos database and stash file on the primary KDC, using the kdb5_util command. Replace `ATHENA.MIT.EDU` with the name of your Kerberos realm:

    shell% kdb5_util create -r ATHENA.MIT.EDU -s

    Initializing database '/usr/local/var/krb5kdc/principal' for realm 'ATHENA.MIT.EDU',
    master key name 'K/M@ATHENA.MIT.EDU'
    You will be prompted for the database Master Password.
    It is important that you NOT FORGET this password.
    Enter KDC database master key:  <= Type the master password.
    Re-enter KDC database master key to verify:  <= Type it again.
    shell%

This will create five files in LOCALSTATEDIR`/krb5kdc` (or at the locations specified in kdc.conf):

- two Kerberos database files, `principal`, and `principal.ok`
- the Kerberos administrative database file, `principal.kadm5`
- the administrative database lock file, `principal.kadm5.lock`
- the stash file, in this example `.k5.ATHENA.MIT.EDU`. If you do not want a stash file, run the above command without the -s option.

For more information on administrating Kerberos database see Operations on the Kerberos database.

## Add administrators to the ACL file

Next, you need create an Access Control List (ACL) file and put the Kerberos principal of at least one of the administrators into it. This file is used by the kadmind daemon to control which principals may view and make privileged modifications to the Kerberos database files. The ACL filename is determined by the acl_file variable in kdc.conf; the default is LOCALSTATEDIR`/krb5kdc``/kadm5.acl`.

For more information on Kerberos ACL file see kadm5.acl.

## Add administrators to the Kerberos database

Next you need to add administrative principals (i.e., principals who are allowed to administer Kerberos database) to the Kerberos database. You must add at least one principal now to allow communication between the Kerberos administration daemon kadmind and the kadmin program over the network for further administration. To do this, use the kadmin.local utility on the primary KDC. kadmin.local is designed to be run on the primary KDC host without using Kerberos authentication to an admin server; instead, it must have read and write access to the Kerberos database on the local filesystem.

The administrative principals you create should be the ones you added to the ACL file (see Add administrators to the ACL file).

In the following example, the administrative principal `admin/admin` is created:

    shell% kadmin.local

    kadmin.local: addprinc admin/admin@ATHENA.MIT.EDU

    No policy specified for "admin/admin@ATHENA.MIT.EDU";
    assigning "default".
    Enter password for principal admin/admin@ATHENA.MIT.EDU:  <= Enter a password.
    Re-enter password for principal admin/admin@ATHENA.MIT.EDU:  <= Type it again.
    Principal "admin/admin@ATHENA.MIT.EDU" created.
    kadmin.local:

## Start the Kerberos daemons on the primary KDC

At this point, you are ready to start the Kerberos KDC (krb5kdc) and administrative daemons on the primary KDC. To do so, type:

    shell% krb5kdc
    shell% kadmind

Each server daemon will fork and run in the background.

Note

Assuming you want these daemons to start up automatically at boot time, you can add them to the KDC’s `/etc/rc` or `/etc/inittab` file. You need to have a stash file in order to do this.

You can verify that they started properly by checking for their startup messages in the logging locations you defined in krb5.conf (see [logging]). For example:

    shell% tail /var/log/krb5kdc.log
    Dec 02 12:35:47 beeblebrox krb5kdc[3187](info): commencing operation
    shell% tail /var/log/kadmin.log
    Dec 02 12:35:52 beeblebrox kadmind[3189](info): starting

Any errors the daemons encounter while starting will also be listed in the logging output.

As an additional verification, check if kinit succeeds against the principals that you have created on the previous step (Add administrators to the Kerberos database). Run:

    shell% kinit admin/admin@ATHENA.MIT.EDU

## Install the replica KDCs

You are now ready to start configuring the replica KDCs.

Note

Assuming you are setting the KDCs up so that you can easily switch the primary KDC with one of the replicas, you should perform each of these steps on the primary KDC as well as the replica KDCs, unless these instructions specify otherwise.

### Create host keytabs for replica KDCs

Each KDC needs a `host` key in the Kerberos database. These keys are used for mutual authentication when propagating the database dump file from the primary KDC to the secondary KDC servers.

On the primary KDC, connect to administrative interface and create the host principal for each of the KDCs’ `host` services. For example, if the primary KDC were called `kerberos.mit.edu`, and you had a replica KDC named `kerberos-1.mit.edu`, you would type the following:

    shell% kadmin
    kadmin: addprinc -randkey host/kerberos.mit.edu
    No policy specified for "host/kerberos.mit.edu@ATHENA.MIT.EDU"; assigning "default"
    Principal "host/kerberos.mit.edu@ATHENA.MIT.EDU" created.

    kadmin: addprinc -randkey host/kerberos-1.mit.edu
    No policy specified for "host/kerberos-1.mit.edu@ATHENA.MIT.EDU"; assigning "default"
    Principal "host/kerberos-1.mit.edu@ATHENA.MIT.EDU" created.

It is not strictly necessary to have the primary KDC server in the Kerberos database, but it can be handy if you want to be able to swap the primary KDC with one of the replicas.

Next, extract `host` random keys for all participating KDCs and store them in each host’s default keytab file. Ideally, you should extract each keytab locally on its own KDC. If this is not feasible, you should use an encrypted session to send them across the network. To extract a keytab directly on a replica KDC called `kerberos-1.mit.edu`, you would execute the following command:

    kadmin: ktadd host/kerberos-1.mit.edu
    Entry for principal host/kerberos-1.mit.edu with kvno 2, encryption
        type aes256-cts-hmac-sha1-96 added to keytab FILE:/etc/krb5.keytab.
    Entry for principal host/kerberos-1.mit.edu with kvno 2, encryption
        type aes128-cts-hmac-sha1-96 added to keytab FILE:/etc/krb5.keytab.
    Entry for principal host/kerberos-1.mit.edu with kvno 2, encryption
        type aes256-cts-hmac-sha384-192 added to keytab FILE:/etc/krb5.keytab.
    Entry for principal host/kerberos-1.mit.edu with kvno 2, encryption
        type arcfour-hmac added to keytab FILE:/etc/krb5.keytab.

If you are instead extracting a keytab for the replica KDC called `kerberos-1.mit.edu` on the primary KDC, you should use a dedicated temporary keytab file for that machine’s keytab:

    kadmin: ktadd -k /tmp/kerberos-1.keytab host/kerberos-1.mit.edu
    Entry for principal host/kerberos-1.mit.edu with kvno 2, encryption
        type aes256-cts-hmac-sha1-96 added to keytab FILE:/etc/krb5.keytab.
    Entry for principal host/kerberos-1.mit.edu with kvno 2, encryption
        type aes128-cts-hmac-sha1-96 added to keytab FILE:/etc/krb5.keytab.

The file `/tmp/kerberos-1.keytab` can then be installed as `/etc/krb5.keytab` on the host `kerberos-1.mit.edu`.

### Configure replica KDCs

Database propagation copies the contents of the primary’s database, but does not propagate configuration files, stash files, or the kadm5 ACL file. The following files must be copied by hand to each replica (see MIT Kerberos defaults for the default locations for these files):

- krb5.conf
- kdc.conf
- kadm5.acl
- master key stash file

Move the copied files into their appropriate directories, exactly as on the primary KDC. kadm5.acl is only needed to allow a replica to swap with the primary KDC.

The database is propagated from the primary KDC to the replica KDCs via the kpropd daemon. You must explicitly specify the principals which are allowed to provide Kerberos dump updates on the replica machine with a new database. Create a file named kpropd.acl in the KDC state directory containing the `host` principals for each of the KDCs:

    host/kerberos.mit.edu@ATHENA.MIT.EDU
    host/kerberos-1.mit.edu@ATHENA.MIT.EDU

Note

If you expect that the primary and replica KDCs will be switched at some point of time, list the host principals from all participating KDC servers in kpropd.acl files on all of the KDCs. Otherwise, you only need to list the primary KDC’s host principal in the kpropd.acl files of the replica KDCs.

Then, add the following line to `/etc/inetd.conf` on each KDC (adjust the path to kpropd):

    krb5_prop stream tcp nowait root /usr/local/sbin/kpropd kpropd

You also need to add the following line to `/etc/services` on each KDC, if it is not already present (assuming that the default port is used):

    krb5_prop       754/tcp               # Kerberos replica propagation

Restart inetd daemon.

Alternatively, start kpropd as a stand-alone daemon. This is required when incremental propagation is enabled.

Now that the replica KDC is able to accept database propagation, you’ll need to propagate the database from the primary server.

NOTE: Do not start the replica KDC yet; you still do not have a copy of the primary’s database.

### Propagate the database to each replica KDC

First, create a dump file of the database on the primary KDC, as follows:

    shell% kdb5_util dump /usr/local/var/krb5kdc/replica_datatrans

Then, manually propagate the database to each replica KDC, as in the following example:

    shell% kprop -f /usr/local/var/krb5kdc/replica_datatrans kerberos-1.mit.edu

    Database propagation to kerberos-1.mit.edu: SUCCEEDED

You will need a script to dump and propagate the database. The following is an example of a Bourne shell script that will do this.

Note

Remember that you need to replace `/usr/local/var/krb5kdc` with the name of the KDC state directory.

    #!/bin/sh

    kdclist = "kerberos-1.mit.edu kerberos-2.mit.edu"

    kdb5_util dump /usr/local/var/krb5kdc/replica_datatrans

    for kdc in $kdclist
    do
        kprop -f /usr/local/var/krb5kdc/replica_datatrans $kdc
    done

You will need to set up a cron job to run this script at the intervals you decided on earlier (see Database propagation).

Now that the replica KDC has a copy of the Kerberos database, you can start the krb5kdc daemon:

    shell% krb5kdc

As with the primary KDC, you will probably want to add this command to the KDCs’ `/etc/rc` or `/etc/inittab` files, so they will start the krb5kdc daemon automatically at boot time.

#### Propagation failed?

You may encounter the following error messages. For a more detailed discussion on possible causes and solutions click on the error link to be redirected to Troubleshooting section.

1. kprop: No route to host while connecting to server
2. kprop: Connection refused while connecting to server
3. kprop: Server rejected authentication (during sendauth exchange) while authenticating to server

## Add Kerberos principals to the database

Once your KDCs are set up and running, you are ready to use kadmin to load principals for your users, hosts, and other services into the Kerberos database. This procedure is described fully in Adding, modifying and deleting principals.

You may occasionally want to use one of your replica KDCs as the primary. This might happen if you are upgrading the primary KDC, or if your primary KDC has a disk crash. See the following section for the instructions.

## Switching primary and replica KDCs

You may occasionally want to use one of your replica KDCs as the primary. This might happen if you are upgrading the primary KDC, or if your primary KDC has a disk crash.

Assuming you have configured all of your KDCs to be able to function as either the primary KDC or a replica KDC (as this document recommends), all you need to do to make the changeover is:

If the primary KDC is still running, do the following on the old primary KDC:

1. Kill the kadmind process.
2. Disable the cron job that propagates the database.
3. Run your database propagation script manually, to ensure that the replicas all have the latest copy of the database (see Propagate the database to each replica KDC).

On the new primary KDC:

1. Start the kadmind daemon (see Start the Kerberos daemons on the primary KDC).
2. Set up the cron job to propagate the database (see Propagate the database to each replica KDC).
3. Switch the CNAMEs of the old and new primary KDCs. If you can’t do this, you’ll need to change the krb5.conf file on every client machine in your Kerberos realm.

## Incremental database propagation

If you expect your Kerberos database to become large, you may wish to set up incremental propagation to replica KDCs. See Incremental database propagation for details.